tugas bahasa inggris bisnis 2

1.    Theory and example of active-passive sentences

     Active Sentences

An active sentence is the opposite of a passive sentence.  In an active sentence, the subject performs the action of the verb.

Examples:

 The dog ate all the biscuits.
(In this example, "the dog" is the subject of the sentence - subject of the verb "to eat", i.e., "The dog" is the thing that did the eating. Therefore, this is an active sentence.  Compare this to its passive version: "The biscuits were eaten by the dog." In this example, the biscuits did not perform the action of the verb. In fact, it was done to them.  Therefore, it is a passive sentence.)

 Tony is trimming the hedges all week.
("Tony" - active subject, i.e., doing the action (trimming))

 Hammerhead sharks will pester you as you approach the reef.
("Hammerhead sharks" - active subject, i.e., doing the action (pester))

     Passive Sentences
Passive voice verbs are used in writing much more often than in speech, and they are used in some types of writing much more often than in others. Passives are used more in journalism (newspapers, magazines) than in fiction (novels, stories), but most journalists and fiction writers use far more active than passive sentences. However, passives are very common in all types of scientific and technical writing. Scientific articles often contain more passive than active sentences. You should not use passive voice verbs unless you have a good reason.
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A. Relationship between active and passive:
1. The object of the active verb is the subject of the passive verb (“English” in the example sentences below). Therefore, verbs which cannot be followed by objects (intransitive verbs) cannot be used in passive voice.
These are some common intransitive verbs: appear, arrive, come, cry, die, go, happen, occur, rain, sleep, stay, walk. These verbs cannot be used in passive voice.
2. The passive verb always contains a form of the auxiliary verb be. The form of be in the passive verb phrase corresponds to the form of the main verb in the active verb phrase (see the underlined words in the example sentences below). That is, if the active main verb is simple present tense, then a simple present tense form of be is used in the passive verb phrase; if the active main verb is -ING, then the -ING form of be is used in the passive verb phrase; and so on.
3. The main verb in a passive predicate verb phrase is always the participle form of the verb.
4. Some examples of active and passive sentences:
ACTIVE: They speak English.
PASSIVE: English is spoken.
ACTIVE: They spoke English.
PASSIVE: English was spoken.
ACTIVE: They will speak English.
PASSIVE: English will be spoken.
ACTIVE: They are going to speak English.
PASSIVE: English is going to be spoken.
ACTIVE: They are speaking English.
PASSIVE: English is being spoken.
ACTIVE: They were speaking English.
PASSIVE: English was being spoken.
ACTIVE: They have spoken English.
PASSIVE: English has been spoken.
ACTIVE: They had spoken English.
PASSIVE: English had been spoken.
ACTIVE: They will have spoken English.
PASSIVE: English will have been spoken.
5. Perfect progressive verb forms are generally used in active voice only. That is, these are good English sentences:
ACTIVE: They have been speaking English.
ACTIVE: They had been speaking English.
ACTIVE: They will have been speaking English.
But sentences like these are rarely used:
PASSIVE: English has been being spoken.
PASSIVE: English had been being spoken.
PASSIVE: English will have been being spoken.
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B. Most passive sentences do not contain an agent; all active sentences contain an agent.
1. An agent is the subject of the active verb. In the example sentences above, the agent is “they” in all the active sentences; the passive sentences do not contain an agent.
2. When a passive sentence contains an agent, it is in a prepositional phrase following the verb. For example:
English is spoken by them.
In the following sentences, the noun “teachers” is the agent in both sentences. “Teachers” is also the subject of the active verb, but “exams” is the subject of the passive verb.
ACTIVE: Teachers prepare exams.
PASSIVE: Exams are prepared by teachers.
Referensi : http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$22

 
2. artikel passive voice 

Ralph earl was born into a connecticutfarm family in 1751. He closeearly to become a painter and looked for what training was available in his home state and in Boston. Earl was one of the first American artists to paint landscapa. Among his first painting were scanes from the Revolutionary War battles of Lexington and Concord. In 1778 Earl went to London to study with Benjamin West for four years.

                When aerl returned to the United States, he was jailed for fourteen months for outstanding debts. While still a prisoner, he painted portraits of some of New York City’s most elegant society women and their husband. After his release, he took up the trade of itinerant portrait painter, working his way through southern New England and New York. Earl didn’t flatter his subjects, but his portraits show a deep understanding of them, perhaps because he had sprung from the same roots.

                Among Earl’s most famous painting is his portrait of Justice Oliver Ellsworth and his wife, Abigail To provide counterpoint to the severity of the couple, he accurately details the relative lixury of tha Ellsworth’s interior furnishings. Tha view through the windowbehind them shows sunlit fields, well-kept fences, and a bend of the Connecticut River. One of earl’s painting is somethink of an anomaly. Reclining hunter, which for many years was attributed to Thomas Gainsborough, shows a well dressed gentleman resting beneath a tree. In the foreground, he displays a pile of birds, the result of a day’s hunt. Tha viewer can also a farmer’s donkey lying in the background, another of the hunter’s victims. This outrageously funny portrait couldn’t have been commissioned – no one would have wanted to be portrayed in such an absurd way. However, this painting uncharacteristically shows Earl’s wih as his uncommon technical skills.

 

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Tugas 1&2 Bahasa Inggris bisnis 2

1.A1. Agreement subject-verb Top of Form Bottom of Form

I got a hold of some bad pork chops the other day, and they didn't agreewith me. Stomach aches aren't very pleasant. Don't you agree?

We all know these meanings of "agree," but when we talk about subject-verb agreement, we're talking about something different: matching subjects and verbs according to number. That is, when you have a singular subject, you have to match it with a singular verb form: The boy plays. When you have a plural subject, you must have a plural verb form: The boys play.

In short, simple sentences, you should have no problem with agreement. You can hear the problem: The boys plays. When it's wrong , it just sounds funny. However, there are four potential problem spots that you need to watch carefully:

• stuff in between the subject and verb
• reversed sentence order
• "-body," "-one," and "-thing" words
• "who," "which," and "that"

Stuff in between subjects and verbs

The stuff here is usually a prepositional phrase that separates the subject from the verb. Remember how we crossed out prepositional phrases in order to find the subject? (For a quick review, click here.) Do the same thing if you're having problems with agreement. Now, thinking about that, look at the following sentence and decide what's wrong with it:

The dishes in the kitchen is dirty.

Good guess! The subject and the verb don't agree. What's the probable cause for the problem? Kitchen (a singular noun) is right in front of is (a singular verb). If kitchen were the subject, that would be okay. But, it's not. Cross out the prepositional phrase and you're left with:

The dishes in the kitchen is dirty.

"The dishes . . . is dirty?" Sounds wrong, doesn't it? The subject is plural, but the verb is singular. They don't agree. The correct version is:

The dishes in the kitchen are dirty.

Once you know how to look for this problem, it shouldn't be too hard to get rid of it when you proofread your paper.

Reversed sentence order

The normal pattern for English sentences is subject-verb. However, there are a few situations where this order is reversed (like this sentence):

• There are snacks on the laundry-room table.
• Where are they?
• On the table are the goodies!

See how the subject comes after the verb in each of these? If you can remember how to locate subjects and verbs, you shouldn't blunder into mistakes when writing reversed-order sentences.

"-body," "-one," and "-thing" words

The correct term for these words is indefinite pronouns, but if you remember them as "-body," "-one," and "-thing" words, you'll probably be able to spot them more easily. You only need to know one thing: if a word has one of these endings (like everybody, everyone, anyone, anything, etc.), it is always singular! You can also include each, either, and neither in this group. Look at the following:

1. Everyone is going on a picnic.
2. Each of the boys is taking his own lunch.
3. If anyone drops something to eat, I'll grab it before he can pick it up.

You shouldn't have problems with these if you simply memorize the endings of words that are always singular.

NOTE: We said that either and neither are always singular; however, if you have two subjects in an either . . . or or neither . . . nor construction, getting the agreement right may give you fits. To get it right, just locate the subject closest to the verb and make the verb agree with it:

o    Either the mailman or the construction workers are causing Peggy to bark like crazy.

o    Neither the dogs down the street nor the one next door pays any attention.

Compare this with the following:

o    Either the construction workers or the mailman is causing Peggy to bark like crazy.

o    Neither the one next door nor the dogs down the street pay any attention.

Agreement, in this case, depends on the placement of the subject.

"Who," "which," and "that"

Remember dependent clauses? They have a subject and a verb, but they can't stand alone. That's what we're dealing with here, but with a little something extra. Now we've got to consider pronouns. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun that comes before it, usually in the same clause or one very close to it.

Peggy is a troublemaker. She bites my ears and steals my food.

"Who," "which," and "that" are pronouns. When they take the place of a singular noun, they are singular; when they take the place of a plural noun, they are plural. This is important to remember when they are the subject of a clause. Compare the following sentences:

1. Big Dog is one of those animals who are very intelligent.
2. Big Dog is an animal who is very intelligent.

In both, who is the subject of a dependent clause. In number 1, it takes the place of animals (a plural form). That's why "are" is the correct verb choice. In number 2, who takes the place of animal(a singular form), and that's why "is" is correct.

This may seem a bit confusing at first, but there's a way to get it right every time. If you find "who," "which," or "that" introducing a dependent clause (like in the examples above):

1. Look at the word right in front of it (usually that's the word it takes the place of).
2. Decide if the word is singular or plural (that will tell you whether "who," "which," or "that" is singular or plural).
3. Make the verb agree!

2. Example of Agreement Subject-Verb

For a Singular Subject, then the singular Verb. Similarly, if the plural subject, hence the plural verb anyway.

That goes to the Category of singular :

Singular Subject + Singular Verb

Ex          : She teaches English every day.

 He has borrowed my comics.

                           Mother gives me money every week.

2.      Each/Every + Singular Verb

Ex  : Eachman, woman, and child in this room issick.

That goes to the category of the plural

1.      Plural Subject + Plural Verb

Ex  : I teachesEnglish every day.

              They have borrowed my novel.      

2.      (…  and … ) + plural verb

( Both . . . and . . . ) + plural Verb

Ex        : Mother and Father love me so much.

              Sinta and SIntia are my friend.

             Both dancingand Swimming are my Friends.

Exception, this is the exception. . not wearing system 2 pattern above, which is already explained earlier

      If  “ Subject + (Phrase: In addition to, as well as, a long with, together with)+ Noun,”  => and verb depending on his subject.

Ex        : The car (S) as well as the bike is washed.

             The students (S) together with the teachers attend to the flag ceremony.

If the subject in the form of its correlative conjunction , they can 't be determined in the category of singulat saja. , or plural verb and its depend on the nearest noun or noun the second .

Neither (noun 1) nor (noun 2)

Either (n1) or (n2

Not only (n1) but also (n2)

  Ex      : Neither the boy nor the girls are my family.

             Not only books but also the map is brought to the office.

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